A long‐term study of stable isotopes as tracers of processes governing water flow and quality in a lowland river basin: the upper Thames,UK          下载免费PDF全文

W. George Darling  Michael J. Bowes 《水文研究》2016,30(13):2178-2195

A long‐term study of O, H and C stable isotopes has been undertaken on river waters across the 7000‐km² upper Thames lowland river basin in the southern UK. During the period, flow conditions ranged from drought to flood. A 10‐year monthly record (2003–2012) of the main River Thames showed a maximum variation of 3‰ (δ¹⁸O) and 20‰ (δ²H), although interannual average values varied little around a mean of –6.5‰ (δ¹⁸O) and –44‰ (δ²H). A δ²H/δ¹⁸O slope of 5.3 suggested a degree of evaporative enrichment, consistent with derivation from local rainfall with a weighted mean of –7.2‰ (δ¹⁸O) and –48‰ (δ²H) for the period. A tendency towards isotopic depletion of the river with increasing flow rate was noted, but at very high flows (>100 m³/s), a reversion to the mean was interpreted as the displacement of bank storage by rising groundwater levels (corroborated by measurements of specific electrical conductivity). A shorter quarterly study (October 2011–April 2013) of isotope variations in 15 tributaries with varying geology revealed different responses to evaporation, with a well‐correlated inverse relationship between Δ¹⁸O and baseflow index for most of the rivers. A comparison with aquifer waters in the basin showed that even at low flow, rivers rarely consist solely of isotopically unmodified groundwater. Long‐term monitoring (2003–2007) of carbon stable isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the Thames revealed a complex interplay between respiration, photosynthesis and evasion, but with a mean interannual δ¹³C‐DIC value of –14.8 ± 0.5‰, exchange with atmospheric carbon could be ruled out. Quarterly monitoring of the tributaries (October 2011–April 2013) indicated that in addition to the aforementioned factors, river flow variations and catchment characteristics were likely to affect δ¹³C‐DIC. Comparison with basin groundwaters of different alkalinity and δ¹³C‐DIC values showed that the origin of river baseflow is usually obscured. The findings show that long‐term monitoring of environmental tracers can help to improve the understanding of how lowland river catchments function. Copyright © NERC 2015. Hydrological Processes © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Metrics to assess how longitudinal channel network connectivity and in‐stream Atlantic salmon habitats are impacted by hydropower regulation          下载免费PDF全文

Willem B. Buddendorf  Iain A. Malcolm  Josie Geris  Mark E. Wilkinson  Chris Soulsby 《水文研究》2017,31(12):2132-2142

Habitat fragmentation in channel networks and riverine ecosystems is increasing globally due to the construction of barriers and river regulation. The resulting divergence from the natural state poses a threat to ecosystem integrity. Consequently, a trade‐off is required between the conservation of biodiversity in channel networks and socio‐economic factors including power generation, potable water supplies, fisheries, and tourism. Many of Scotland's rivers are regulated for hydropower generation but also support populations of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) that have high economic and conservation value. This paper investigates the use of connectivity metrics and weightings to assess the impact of river barriers (impoundments) associated with hydropower regulation on natural longitudinal channel connectivity for Atlantic salmon. We applied 2 different weighting approaches in the connectivity models that accounted for spatial variability in habitat quality for spawning and fry production and contrasted these models with a more traditional approach using wetted area. Assessments of habitat loss using the habitat quality weighted models contrasted with those using the less biologically relevant wetted area. This highlights the importance of including relevant ecological and hydrogeomorphic information in assessing regulation impacts on natural channel connectivity. Specifically, we highlight scenarios where losing a smaller area of productive habitat can have a larger impact on Atlantic salmon than losing a greater area of less suitable habitat. It is recommended that future channel connectivity assessments should attempt to include biologically relevant weightings, rather than relying on simpler metrics like wetted area which can produce misleading assessments of barrier impacts.  相似文献   

Evolution and sedimentology of a channel fill in the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River and its comparison to the deposits of an adjacent compound bar     

PHILIP J. ASHWORTH  GREGORY H. SAMBROOK SMITH  JAMES L. BEST  JOHN S. BRIDGE  STUART N. LANE  IAN. A. LUNT  ARNOLD J. H. REESINK  CHRISTOPHER J. SIMPSON  ROBERT E. THOMAS 《Sedimentology》2011,58(7):1860-1883

The depositional stratigraphy of within‐channel deposits in sandy braided rivers is dominated by a variety of barforms (both singular ‘unit’ bars and complex ‘compound’ bars), as well as the infill of individual channels (herein termed ‘channel fills’). The deposits of bars and channel fills define the key components of facies models for braided rivers and their within‐channel heterogeneity, knowledge of which is important for reservoir characterization. However, few studies have sought to address the question of whether the deposits of bars and channel fills can be readily differentiated from each other. This paper presents the first quantitative study to achieve this aim, using aerial images of an evolving modern sandy braided river and geophysical imaging of its subsurface deposits. Aerial photographs taken between 2000 and 2004 document the abandonment and fill of a 1·3 km long, 80 m wide anabranch channel in the sandy braided South Saskatchewan River, Canada. Upstream river regulation traps the majority of very fine sediment and there is little clay (< 1%) in the bed sediments. Channel abandonment was initiated by a series of unit bars that stalled and progressively blocked the anabranch entrance, together with dune deposition and stacking at the anabranch entrance and exit. Complete channel abandonment and subsequent fill of up to 3 m of sediment took approximately two years. Thirteen kilometres of ground‐penetrating radar surveys, coupled with 18 cores, were obtained over the channel fill and an adjacent 750 m long, 400 m wide, compound bar, enabling a quantitative analysis of the channel and bar deposits. Results show that, in terms of grain‐size trends, facies proportions and scale of deposits, there are only subtle differences between the channel fill and bar deposits which, therefore, renders them indistinguishable. Thus, it may be inappropriate to assign different geometric and sedimentological attributes to channel fill and bar facies in object‐based models of sandy braided river alluvial architecture.  相似文献   

大兴安岭岩石圈地幔特征——哈拉哈河-绰尔河橄榄岩捕虏体的证据   总被引：6，自引：4，他引：2  

赵勇伟  樊祺诚 《岩石学报》2011,27(10):2833-2841

大兴安岭哈拉哈河-绰尔河第四纪火山岩中含有尖晶石相和石榴石相橄榄岩捕虏体.本文报道的尖晶石相橄榄岩包括方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩两类,前者分布数量略高于后者.方辉橄榄岩多数具有较高的平衡温度(1072～1193℃),矿物化学成分变化大,含有高Mg橄榄石和高Cr#尖晶石,这些特征一致表明是古老岩石圈地幔残余的样品.而二辉橄榄岩显示相对均一的矿物化学成分和很宽的平衡温度变化范围(636～1178℃),代表了明显受到改造的岩石圈地幔,可能反映岩石圈地幔的不同深度和局部经历了软流圈与岩石圈相互作用.通过与华北克拉通的对比,发现地处兴蒙造山带的大兴安岭岩石圈地幔中仍保留有相当量的古老岩石圈地幔残余,区别于遭受强烈改造和破坏的华北克拉通东部地区的岩石圈地幔.  相似文献   

平原河网地区河流曲度及城市化响应   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  

赵军  单福征  杨凯  吴阿娜 《水科学进展》2011,22(5):631-637

河流曲度是河流平面形态的重要表征指标,以平原河网地区典型区域——上海为例,分析了20世纪50年代中心城区高密度河网的河流曲度特征,诊断了近60年以来快速城市化对区域河网及河流曲度的影响。研究认为:①近60年来上海中心城区河网密度下降幅度达67.22%,高强度人类活动导致区域河网水系分枝结构与自然规律完全相反;②平原河网地区是顺直型河流的典型发育区域,研究初期上海中心城区顺直型河流占85.40%,进一步分析表明曲度小于1.1的河流比例高达70.57%,河流形态接近于直线型;③上海中心城区消亡河流以顺直型为主,其消亡速率约为较高曲度河流的12倍,采用加权平均曲度指标描述区域河网萎缩对河流曲度的影响具有更好的直观性和科学性;④上海城市河流综合整治实践中,工程水利的倾向性强于生态水利,60.9%的河流整治项目开展了裁弯取直工程措施。  相似文献   

新疆西昆仑叶尔羌河地区成矿地质条件及找矿前景分析     

高杰  金平  侯万录  宋公社 《陕西地质》2011,29(1):42-49

新疆西昆仑叶尔羌河地区位于青藏高原西北部,昆仑山脉和喀喇昆仑山脉横亘测区中央,自然、交通条件差,地质矿产勘查研究程度低。本文在以往地质工作基础上,从区域地质背景、区域地球化学特征、区域矿产特征入手,对区域成矿地质条件进行了综合分析,对各成矿带主攻矿种、成矿类型、找矿前景进行了探讨总结。  相似文献   

凹凸棒石黏土处理受污染原水的应用研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

孙瑞林  费相琴  张宝萍 《江苏地质》2011,35(4):427-431

针对目前水源污染比较普遍、水厂原水水质不断恶化的情况,在常规处理工艺的基础上,选择投加凹凸棒石黏土处理受污染的原水。介绍了凹凸棒石黏土的性能,对受污染原水进行了试验研究,并阐述了投加凹凸棒石黏土处理受污染原水的优点。  相似文献   

“井水不犯河水”水文地质学含义初步探讨   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘元章  武强  刘久荣  林沛  邢立亭  刘守强 《地下水》2011,(6):122-127

利用水化学及同位素水文地质学的方法,对密云水库、潮白河及位于潮白河边的2个地下水分层专门监测井进行取样测试,并结合收集相关资料,从水位、水质及氚、氘、氧-18等同位素方面进行分析研究,对中国古语“井水不犯河水”的水文地质学方面的含义进行了一定的微观层次的分析探讨.得出研究点处潮白河水对50 m外的25 m深的浅井井水有...  相似文献   

基于ArcGIS的DEM流域划分   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

程峥  李永胜  高微微 《地下水》2011,(6):128-130

从数字高程模型DEM(Digit Elevation Models)直接提取河网及流域信息,是分布式水文模型开发与应用的基础.本文利用ArcGIS中的水文分析工具从DEM中提取了流域水文特征.主要包括:DEM的预处理、水流方向的确定、水流累积量提取、河网的提取、集水区的提取和流域的划分.本文探讨了两种不同划分流域的方法...  相似文献   

白龙江流域地质灾害特征及勘查思路   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

张茂省  黎志恒  王根龙  赵成  孙萍萍 《西北地质》2011,44(3):1-9

白龙江流域地处青藏高原向黄土高原过渡的斜坡急剧变形带,是我国泥石流、滑坡灾害最为严重的地区之一。“8．8”舟曲泥石流灾难的发生,再次暴露了对地质灾害调查研究程度不高,预警预报能力低,以及风险减缓措施不力的弊端。为了避免类似群死群伤重大地质灾害的发生,应进一步加强调查和研究等基础工作。进一步勘查的思路是：首先是对迭部、舟曲、宕昌、武都、文县、康县等6各县,按照《1：5万滑坡崩塌泥石流灾害调查规范》要求,全面开展调查;二是对危及县城、集镇、重要居民点的地质灾害隐患点,按照规划前期勘查的精度要求,逐一进行勘查;三是针对不同类型的地质灾害发育分布规律、形成机理、成灾模式、监测预警技术、风险减缓措施等问题开展专题研究。  相似文献